第7章复用类

7.1 组合语法

//: reusing/SprinklerSystem.java
// Composition for code reuse.

class WaterSource {
  private String s;
  WaterSource() {
    System.out.println("WaterSource()");
    s = "Constructed";
  }
  public String toString() { return s; }
}    

public class SprinklerSystem {
  private String valve1, valve2, valve3, valve4;
  private WaterSource source = new WaterSource();
  private int i;
  private float f;
  public String toString() {
    return
      "valve1 = " + valve1 + " " +
      "valve2 = " + valve2 + " " +
      "valve3 = " + valve3 + " " +
      "valve4 = " + valve4 + "\n" +
      "i = " + i + " " + "f = " + f + " " +
      "source = " + source;
  }    
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SprinklerSystem sprinklers = new SprinklerSystem();
    System.out.println(sprinklers);
  }
} /* Output:
WaterSource()
valve1 = null valve2 = null valve3 = null valve4 = null
i = 0 f = 0.0 source = Constructed
*///:~

//: reusing/Bath.java
// Constructor initialization with composition.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Soap {
  private String s;
  Soap() {
    print("Soap()");
    s = "Constructed";
  }
  public String toString() { return s; }
}    

public class Bath {
  private String // Initializing at point of definition:
    s1 = "Happy",
    s2 = "Happy",
    s3, s4;
  private Soap castille;
  private int i;
  private float toy;
  public Bath() {
    print("Inside Bath()");
    s3 = "Joy";
    toy = 3.14f;
    castille = new Soap();
  }    
  // Instance initialization:
  { i = 47; }
  public String toString() {
    if(s4 == null) // Delayed initialization:
      s4 = "Joy";
    return
      "s1 = " + s1 + "\n" +
      "s2 = " + s2 + "\n" +
      "s3 = " + s3 + "\n" +
      "s4 = " + s4 + "\n" +
      "i = " + i + "\n" +
      "toy = " + toy + "\n" +
      "castille = " + castille;
  }    
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Bath b = new Bath();
    print(b);
  }
} /* Output:
Inside Bath()
Soap()
s1 = Happy
s2 = Happy
s3 = Joy
s4 = Joy
i = 47
toy = 3.14
castille = Constructed
*///:~

7.2 继承语法

//: reusing/Detergent.java
// Inheritance syntax & properties.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Cleanser {
  private String s = "Cleanser";
  public void append(String a) { s += a; }
  public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
  public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
  public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
  public String toString() { return s; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
    x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
    print(x);
  }
}    

public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
  // Change a method:
  public void scrub() {
    append(" Detergent.scrub()");
    super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
  }
  // Add methods to the interface:
  public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
  // Test the new class:
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Detergent x = new Detergent();
    x.dilute();
    x.apply();
    x.scrub();
    x.foam();
    print(x);
    print("Testing base class:");
    Cleanser.main(args);
  }    
} /* Output:
Cleanser dilute() apply() Detergent.scrub() scrub() foam()
Testing base class:
Cleanser dilute() apply() scrub()
*///:~

2.1 初始化基类

//: reusing/Cartoon.java
// Constructor calls during inheritance.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Art {
  Art() { print("Art constructor"); }
}

class Drawing extends Art {
  Drawing() { print("Drawing constructor"); }
}

public class Cartoon extends Drawing {
  public Cartoon() { print("Cartoon constructor"); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cartoon x = new Cartoon();
  }
} /* Output:
Art constructor
Drawing constructor
Cartoon constructor
*///:~

带参数的构造器

//: reusing/Chess.java
// Inheritance, constructors and arguments.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Game {
  Game(int i) {
    print("Game constructor");
  }
}

class BoardGame extends Game {
  BoardGame(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("BoardGame constructor");
  }
}    

public class Chess extends BoardGame {
  Chess() {
    super(11);
    print("Chess constructor");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Chess x = new Chess();
  }
} /* Output:
Game constructor
BoardGame constructor
Chess constructor
*///:~

7.3 代理

//: reusing/SpaceShipControls.java

public class SpaceShipControls {
  void up(int velocity) {}
  void down(int velocity) {}
  void left(int velocity) {}
  void right(int velocity) {}
  void forward(int velocity) {}
  void back(int velocity) {}
  void turboBoost() {}
} ///:~

//: reusing/SpaceShip.java

public class SpaceShip extends SpaceShipControls {
  private String name;
  public SpaceShip(String name) { this.name = name; }
  public String toString() { return name; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpaceShip protector = new SpaceShip("NSEA Protector");
    protector.forward(100);
  }
} ///:~

SpaceShip并非真正的SpaceShipControls类型，SpaceShip包含SpaceShipControls。

//: reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java

public class SpaceShipDelegation {
  private String name;
  private SpaceShipControls controls = new SpaceShipControls();
  public SpaceShipDelegation(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  // Delegated methods:
  public void back(int velocity) {
    controls.back(velocity);
  }
  public void down(int velocity) {
    controls.down(velocity);
  }
  public void forward(int velocity) {
    controls.forward(velocity);
  }
  public void left(int velocity) {
    controls.left(velocity);
  }
  public void right(int velocity) {
    controls.right(velocity);
  }
  public void turboBoost() {
    controls.turboBoost();
  }
  public void up(int velocity) {
    controls.up(velocity);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpaceShipDelegation protector =
      new SpaceShipDelegation("NSEA Protector");
    protector.forward(100);
  }
} ///:~

7.4 结合使用组合和继承

//: reusing/PlaceSetting.java
// Combining composition & inheritance.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Plate {
  Plate(int i) {
    print("Plate constructor");
  }
}

class DinnerPlate extends Plate {
  DinnerPlate(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("DinnerPlate constructor");
  }
}    

class Utensil {
  Utensil(int i) {
    print("Utensil constructor");
  }
}

class Spoon extends Utensil {
  Spoon(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Spoon constructor");
  }
}

class Fork extends Utensil {
  Fork(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Fork constructor");
  }
}    

class Knife extends Utensil {
  Knife(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Knife constructor");
  }
}

// A cultural way of doing something:
class Custom {
  Custom(int i) {
    print("Custom constructor");
  }
}    

public class PlaceSetting extends Custom {
  private Spoon sp;
  private Fork frk;
  private Knife kn;
  private DinnerPlate pl;
  public PlaceSetting(int i) {
    super(i + 1);
    sp = new Spoon(i + 2);
    frk = new Fork(i + 3);
    kn = new Knife(i + 4);
    pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5);
    print("PlaceSetting constructor");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9);
  }
} /* Output:
Custom constructor
Utensil constructor
Spoon constructor
Utensil constructor
Fork constructor
Utensil constructor
Knife constructor
Plate constructor
DinnerPlate constructor
PlaceSetting constructor
*///:~

4.1 确保正确清理

//: reusing/CADSystem.java
// Ensuring proper cleanup.
package reusing;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Shape {
  Shape(int i) { print("Shape constructor"); }
  void dispose() { print("Shape dispose"); }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  Circle(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Drawing Circle");
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Circle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Triangle extends Shape {
  Triangle(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Drawing Triangle");
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Triangle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Line extends Shape {
  private int start, end;
  Line(int start, int end) {
    super(start);
    this.start = start;
    this.end = end;
    print("Drawing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
    super.dispose();
  }
}

public class CADSystem extends Shape {
  private Circle c;
  private Triangle t;
  private Line[] lines = new Line[3];
  public CADSystem(int i) {
    super(i + 1);
    for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++)
      lines[j] = new Line(j, j*j);
    c = new Circle(1);
    t = new Triangle(1);
    print("Combined constructor");
  }
  public void dispose() {
    print("CADSystem.dispose()");
    // The order of cleanup is the reverse
    // of the order of initialization:
    t.dispose();
    c.dispose();
    for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
      lines[i].dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
    try {
      // Code and exception handling...
    } finally {
      x.dispose();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
Shape constructor
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 0, 0
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 1, 1
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 2, 4
Shape constructor
Drawing Circle
Shape constructor
Drawing Triangle
Combined constructor
CADSystem.dispose()
Erasing Triangle
Shape dispose
Erasing Circle
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 2, 4
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 1, 1
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 0, 0
Shape dispose
Shape dispose
*///:~

4.2 名称屏蔽

//: reusing/Hide.java
// Overloading a base-class method name in a derived
// class does not hide the base-class versions.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Homer {
  char doh(char c) {
    print("doh(char)");
    return 'd';
  }
  float doh(float f) {
    print("doh(float)");
    return 1.0f;
  }
}

class Milhouse {}

class Bart extends Homer {
  void doh(Milhouse m) {
    print("doh(Milhouse)");
  }
}

public class Hide {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Bart b = new Bart();
    b.doh(1);
    b.doh('x');
    b.doh(1.0f);
    b.doh(new Milhouse());
  }
} /* Output:
doh(float)
doh(char)
doh(float)
doh(Milhouse)
*///:~

7.5 在组合与继承之间选择

//: reusing/Car.java
// Composition with public objects.

class Engine {
  public void start() {}
  public void rev() {}
  public void stop() {}
}

class Wheel {
  public void inflate(int psi) {}
}

class Window {
  public void rollup() {}
  public void rolldown() {}
}

class Door {
  public Window window = new Window();
  public void open() {}
  public void close() {}
}

public class Car {
  public Engine engine = new Engine();
  public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4];
  public Door
    left = new Door(),
    right = new Door(); // 2-door
  public Car() {
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
      wheel[i] = new Wheel();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Car car = new Car();
    car.left.window.rollup();
    car.wheel[0].inflate(72);
  }
} ///:~

7.6 protected关键字

//: reusing/Orc.java
// The protected keyword.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Villain {
  private String name;
  protected void set(String nm) { name = nm; }
  public Villain(String name) { this.name = name; }
  public String toString() {
    return "I'm a Villain and my name is " + name;
  }
}    

public class Orc extends Villain {
  private int orcNumber;
  public Orc(String name, int orcNumber) {
    super(name);
    this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
  }
  public void change(String name, int orcNumber) {
    set(name); // Available because it's protected
    this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
  }
  public String toString() {
    return "Orc " + orcNumber + ": " + super.toString();
  }    
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Orc orc = new Orc("Limburger", 12);
    print(orc);
    orc.change("Bob", 19);
    print(orc);
  }
} /* Output:
Orc 12: I'm a Villain and my name is Limburger
Orc 19: I'm a Villain and my name is Bob
*///:~

7.7 向上转型

//: reusing/Wind.java
// Inheritance & upcasting.

class Instrument {
  public void play() {}
  static void tune(Instrument i) {
    // ...
    i.play();
  }
}

// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface:
public class Wind extends Instrument {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Wind flute = new Wind();
    Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
  }
} ///:~

7.1 为什么称为向上转型

7.2 再论组合与继承

7.8 final关键字

7.8.1 final数据

//: reusing/FinalData.java
// The effect of final on fields.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Value {
  int i; // Package access
  public Value(int i) { this.i = i; }
}

public class FinalData {
  private static Random rand = new Random(47);
  private String id;
  public FinalData(String id) { this.id = id; }
  // Can be compile-time constants:
  private final int valueOne = 9;
  private static final int VALUE_TWO = 99;
  // Typical public constant:
  public static final int VALUE_THREE = 39;
  // Cannot be compile-time constants:
  private final int i4 = rand.nextInt(20);
  static final int INT_5 = rand.nextInt(20);
  private Value v1 = new Value(11);
  private final Value v2 = new Value(22);
  private static final Value VAL_3 = new Value(33);
  // Arrays:
  private final int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
  public String toString() {
    return id + ": " + "i4 = " + i4 + ", INT_5 = " + INT_5;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    FinalData fd1 = new FinalData("fd1");
    //! fd1.valueOne++; // Error: can't change value
    fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant!
    fd1.v1 = new Value(9); // OK -- not final
    for(int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++)
      fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant!
    //! fd1.v2 = new Value(0); // Error: Can't
    //! fd1.VAL_3 = new Value(1); // change reference
    //! fd1.a = new int[3];
    print(fd1);
    print("Creating new FinalData");
    FinalData fd2 = new FinalData("fd2");
    print(fd1);
    print(fd2);
  }
} /* Output:
fd1: i4 = 15, INT_5 = 18
Creating new FinalData
fd1: i4 = 15, INT_5 = 18
fd2: i4 = 13, INT_5 = 18
*///:~

空白final

Java允许生成“空白final”，所谓空白final是指被声明为final但又未给定初值的域。无论什么情况，编译器都确保空白final在使用前必须被初始化。

//: reusing/BlankFinal.java
// "Blank" final fields.

class Poppet {
  private int i;
  Poppet(int ii) { i = ii; }
}

public class BlankFinal {
  private final int i = 0; // Initialized final
  private final int j; // Blank final
  private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference
  // Blank finals MUST be initialized in the constructor:
  public BlankFinal() {
    j = 1; // Initialize blank final
    p = new Poppet(1); // Initialize blank final reference
  }
  public BlankFinal(int x) {
    j = x; // Initialize blank final
    p = new Poppet(x); // Initialize blank final reference
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new BlankFinal();
    new BlankFinal(47);
  }
} ///:~

必须在域的定义处或者们每个构造器中用表达式对final进行赋值。

final参数

Java允许在参数列表中以声明的方式将参数指明为final。

//: reusing/FinalArguments.java
// Using "final" with method arguments.

class Gizmo {
  public void spin() {}
}

public class FinalArguments {
  void with(final Gizmo g) {
    //! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final
  }
  void without(Gizmo g) {
    g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final
    g.spin();
  }
  // void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change
  // You can only read from a final primitive:
  int g(final int i) { return i + 1; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments();
    bf.without(null);
    bf.with(null);
  }
} ///:~

7.8.2 final方法

使用final方法的原因有两个。第一个原因是把方法锁定，以防任何继承类修改它的含义。这是出于设计的考虑：想要确保在继承中使方法行为保持不变，并且不会被覆盖。

final和private关键字

类中所有的private方法都隐式地指定为是final的。由于无法取用private方法。所以也就无法覆盖它。可以对private方法添加final修饰词，但这并不能给该方法增加任何额外的意义。

//: reusing/FinalOverridingIllusion.java
// It only looks like you can override
// a private or private final method.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class WithFinals {
  // Identical to "private" alone:
  private final void f() { print("WithFinals.f()"); }
  // Also automatically "final":
  private void g() { print("WithFinals.g()"); }
}

class OverridingPrivate extends WithFinals {
  private final void f() {
    print("OverridingPrivate.f()");
  }
  private void g() {
    print("OverridingPrivate.g()");
  }
}

class OverridingPrivate2 extends OverridingPrivate {
  public final void f() {
    print("OverridingPrivate2.f()");
  }
  public void g() {
    print("OverridingPrivate2.g()");
  }
}

public class FinalOverridingIllusion {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new OverridingPrivate2();
    op2.f();
    op2.g();
    // You can upcast:
    OverridingPrivate op = op2;
    // But you can't call the methods:
    //! op.f();
    //! op.g();
    // Same here:
    WithFinals wf = op2;
    //! wf.f();
    //! wf.g();
  }
} /* Output:
OverridingPrivate2.f()
OverridingPrivate2.g()
*///:~

7.8.3 final类

当将某个类的整体定义为final时，就表明了你不打算继承该类，而且也不允许别人这样做。换句话说，出于某种考虑，你对该类的设计永不需要做任何变动，或者出于安全的考虑，你不希望它有子类。

//: reusing/Jurassic.java
// Making an entire class final.

class SmallBrain {}

final class Dinosaur {
  int i = 7;
  int j = 1;
  SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain();
  void f() {}
}

//! class Further extends Dinosaur {}
// error: Cannot extend final class 'Dinosaur'

public class Jurassic {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur();
    n.f();
    n.i = 40;
    n.j++;
  }
} ///:~

7.8.4 有关final的忠告

7.9 初始化及类的加载

7.9.1 继承与初始化

了解包括继承在内的初始化全过程，以对所发生的一切有个全局性的把握，是很有益的。

//: reusing/Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Insect {
  private int i = 9;
  protected int j;
  Insect() {
    print("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
    j = 39;
  }
  private static int x1 = printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
  static int printInit(String s) {
    print(s);
    return 47;
  }
}

public class Beetle extends Insect {
  private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");
  public Beetle() {
    print("k = " + k);
    print("j = " + j);
  }
  private static int x2 = printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Beetle constructor");
    Beetle b = new Beetle();
  }
} /* Output:
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = 9, j = 0
Beetle.k initialized
k = 47
j = 39
*///:~

在Beetle上运行Java时，所发生的第一件事就是试图访问Beetle.main()（一个static方法）。于是加载器开始启动并找出Beetle类的编译代码。在对它进行加载的过程中，编译器注意到它有一个基类，于是它继续进行加载。不管你是否打算产生一个该基类的对象，这都要发生。

如果该基类还有其自身的基类，那么第二个基类就会被加载，如此类推。接下来，根基类中的static初始化即会被执行，然后是下一个导出类，以此类推。这种方式很重要，因为导出类的static初始化可能会依赖于基类成员能否被正确初始化。

至此为止，必要的类都已加载完毕，对象就可以被创建了。首先，对象中所有的基本类型都会被设为默认值，对象引用被设为null。然后，基类的构造器会被调用。

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